Le Temple Zenkō-ji (善光寺)

jeudi 27 août 2009

Le temple Zenkoji est un temple bouddhiste des plus anciens du Japon. Il date d'une époque antérieure à la division des écoles du Bouddhisme au Japon. C'est la raison pour laquelle , il n'appartient pas à un courant particulier du Bouddhisme. Il est administré par des moines et nonnes de l'école Tendai et Jodo Shu.

L'image bouddhiste principale est un hibutsu (Bouddha secret), une Statue de Bouddha cachée, et jamais dévoilée au public. Ce hibutsu serait la première statue de Bouddha jamais amenée au Japon. Les règles du temple exigent le secret absolu sur la statue, interdisant qu'elle fut dévoilée à quiconque, y compris le prêtre principal du temple. Cependant, un fac-similé de la statue (Zenritsu Honzon) a été créé qui peut être montré publiquement tous les six ou sept ans, dans une cérémonie appelée Gokaichō.

Le temple contient une chambre de prière intérieure, accessible aux visiteurs. De la chambre intérieure, un escalier étroit mène en bas à un couloir complètement sombre. Dans ce couloir, les fidèles essaient de toucher une clef en métal accrochée sur le mur, pour obtenir l'éveil. La clef représente la Clef au Paradis de l'ouest du Bouddha Amitabha.

Ce couloir apparaît dans le roman surréel "les dieux chiens" (Inugami) de Masako Bando .

Prière du Zenkoji :

Fudo, Shaka, monju, Fugen, Jizo, Miroku, Yakushi, Kanon, Seishi, Amida, Ashuku, Dainichi, Kokuzo, namu Amida Butsu, Namu Amida Butsu, Namu Amida Butsu.

"C'était la prière du Zenkoji. Depuis longtemps, chaque fois qu'elle avait des soucis, elle se vouait à la prière qui consistait à réciter dans l'ordre le nom des 13 Bodhisattvas.
"Les Dieux chiens" Masako Bando, éditions Actes sud.

Ce livre nous plonge dans la vie d'un village de Shikoku, ou se côtoient traditions bouddhistes, femmes chamanes, et légendes fantastiques anciennes.

Motozenkoji à Iida ((元善光寺)

Motozenkoji signifie origine (Moto) du Zenkoji. Il était placé jadis dans le ville de Iida, ou il existe toujours le Motozenkoji.
Le temple de Zenkō-ji a été construit pendant le VIe siècle, sous le règne de l'empereur Kimmei.

Iida est la ville dans les montagne de Nagano Ken, origine du maitre de Gendai Reiki Tomomi Yasue, qui est représentante de la lignée en France. Sa famille descend d'un Samurai ( Famille Yasue) par la branche paternelle, qui était de la même région que l'ancêtre de Mikao Usui Sensei, le fondateur du Reiki. Ils appartiennent d'ailleurs à la même branche du bouddhisme que Mikao Usui.

Par la branche maternelle, elle descend du village ancien de Kamimura ou sont conservée d'anciennes traditions Shintoistes, ce village qui a inspiré le film d'animation "le voyage de Chihiro".

Sanctuaire Shinto de Kamimura, à coté du musée des traditions.

Le Tenpaku de Kamimura , le dieu Sarutahiko (猿田彦/猿田毘古) . Il fut le Dieu guide également du Maitre Ueshiba Morihei (植芝盛平) , fondateur de l'Aikido (合気道), qui fonda sur son indication, dit on, le sanctuaire d'Iwama.

C'est un Kami protecteur très puissant enterré au Tsubaki Ōkami Yashiro (椿大神社, Tsubaki Ōkami Yashiro). Il est le dirigeant des kamis terrestres et le gardien du pont du ciel. Il apparaît très souvent dans le Kojiki accompagné de sa femme Ame no Uzume

Saruta-hiko est décrit comme imposant, barbu et armé d'une épée incrustée de pierres précieuses. Dans les fêtes religieuses, il est représenté sous les traits d'un Tengou. C'est un symbole de force autant physique que morale.

Poster du voyage de Chihiro dans le Onsen de Kamimura.

Kamimura and Shimotsuki Matsuri:

Kamimura village is birth village of the mother of Tomomi Shihan of Gendai Reiki. It is a village of old Shinto traditions who was the inspiration for the Travel of Chihiro. Tomomi ancestor in the Father family branch was a samurai (MitsuemonYasue) who was from the same place than the ancestor of Mikao Usui Sensei, fondator of Reiki japanese Tradition. The Yasue family is also of the same bouddhist school than Mikao Usui Sensei (jodo Shu).

Yutate Kagura

Festivals reflecting Nature Worship in Medieval Community still remain in farming and mountain villages in Japan. "Shimotsuki Matsuri Festival" is such an old one, which has been held in Kamimura village of Tohyama area in the south of Nagano prefecture since the beginning of 13th century. (The origin started over 10 centuries ago and "Yutate Kagura" has been performed formally since AC 1212.)

The residents of Kamimura village perform "Yutate Kagura" with Juzu (prayer beads of Buddhism) to worship "the God of Mountain" who controls hunting, forestry and slash-and-burn firming in a mountain slopes, and it is older than "the God of Rice Field" in a paddy field cultivation area. Kamimura village has only about 1,000 population now, public transportation was poor until quite recently and there has been almost no flat ground for a paddy field cultivation. That's why the residents have kept on worshipping "the God of Mountain". Furthermore, according to a village legend, they worship the Tohyama family as their lord together not to be cursed, because the residents rose in revolt and killed the Tohyama family at the beginning of the Edo era.

They say that the root of "Yutate Kagura" is from China and India, and probably, Shinto ritual and Kagura (sacred music and dancing performed at shrines) of "Yutate" at the Imperial Court in those days, which were taken into "the God of Mountain" festivals. Since "Shimotsuki Matsuri Festival" reflects these ritual exactly, you can see both Shintoism and Buddhism.

"The God of Mountain" festivals used to be performed under the divine big tree outside originally, but "Shimotsuki Matsuri Festival" has been performed around two special stoves remade every year inside of shrine since AC1502.
At the middle of December, the residents make a fire in a stove, boil water, call the Gods, perform "Yutate Kagura" and have the Gods take a bath to appreciate the Gods' work for the last year. The Gods rise up as the clouds and the residents dance with the Gods, pray for a good harvest and health, send the Gods off and greet the New Year.

Note: explanation of last scene - This is called "Asobi Nusa" which is like a Lucky-Game. Village people throw the Nusa (a prayer's sacred wooden stick like a Christian cross) up into the upper square shaped decoration like a chandelier where the Gods was stayed over the stoves during Yutate Kagura performance. If the Nusa hang on the bar of the decoration, it defines LUCK. If not, they again through them up to try to get their LUCK!

Tasuki no Mai (Dance of Ornamented Sash)
comes from the Mai (Dance) of ritual at the Imperial Court.

Hazoroe no Mai (Dance of Fan)
also comes from the Mai (Dance) of ritual at the Imperial Court.
Men dance with women's Kimono.

Yutate (Water Boiling)
is a series of "Yutate" ritual performed seven times.
The Gods come down through the wooden stick with white paper to take a bath and then rise back to the heaven as clouds.

Misogi (A Purification Ceremony with Water)
must be done by dancers to purify themselves with very cold water of river before the performance with Gods' masks .

Kandayuu-Fusai no Mai (Dance of Mr. and Mrs. Kandayuu)
is based on the tale of aged Mr. and Mrs. Kandayuu who founded the shrine of Kamimura village, and they perform like as a play together with ad-lib some jokes. Wife holds a branch of Sakaki (holly tree) and hits the residents to bring them good health.

Hassha no Mai (Dance of Eight Shrines)
is a dance to appease the soul of the Tohyama family including one princess who reigned over this country in the Edo era. Dancers put on each God's mask of eight shrines, and they say that the soul of Tohyama family is worshipped on the backside of these masks.

Yoomote no Mai (Dance of Four Gods)
is performed by four Gods: the God of "Water", "Earth", "Fire" and "Wood", and then next Tenpaku is "the God of Gold". They are the symbols of the five elements of the cosmos. "The God of Water" and "the God of Earth" splash out the boiling water with their bare hands to purify, and this ritual comes from India.

Tenpaku no Mai (Dance of Tenpaku)
Tenpaku has another name as "Kin-no-Oh Sarutahiko" which means "the God of golden monkey", and he is "the God of Guide" in the Japanese myths.
He is the last dancer dressed in golden hunting wear with God's mask, and shoots arrows toward north, south, east, west, sky and ground to make evil monsters get away.

(Explanation by Monji Kunio , translated by Ichiko, february 1, 1997)

湯立て神楽

　日本の農村、山村には現在でも古代・中世からの信仰を反映した祭りが残されています。「湯立て神楽」の行われる「霜月祭」は、こうした祭りの中でも古い祭式を今に保つもののひとつとされています。霜月祭は､１,０００年以上前にその始まりがあり、ＡＣ１２１２年に湯立て神楽を正式に行い神面の舞も併せて行ったと伝えられています。当時の宮中の「湯立て」の神事・神楽が山間の村にまで伝えられ、山村の「山の神」の祭りが「霜月祭」という形にまとめられ、伝えられ続けてきたものと考えられています。また、「湯立て」の神事・神楽はその昔、インドや中国から日本に伝わってきたと考えられています。記録によると１５０２年以降、祭りは宮の中で行われるようになったとされます。この霜月祭りは神仏混淆の祭りであり、新しい年の到来を祝う祭りでもあります。現在、人口約１,０００人のこの村は、最近に至るまで交通の便も悪く、昔ながらの祭りが伝えられ続けてきたと言われています。私は霜月祭の行われる上村の４つの地区のうち、村の中心である上町と中郷、程野、および近隣の和田を取材しました。上町、中郷、程野のうち、水田耕作可能な平地（現在は建物が建っている所が多い）もあり人口も多い上町にのみ末社の神面として「稲荷（稲作農業の守り神）」と「山の神」がありました。四面様天伯様を祀ることから始まり、社は大木のもとにあり野天にあったという古文書の記述と、小さな丘の上にある現在の上町の神社の霜月祭の間にも、千年という時の流れが存在することを感じざるを得ません。
　このビデオの映像は主に程野と上町のものであり、神面の舞のうち「神太夫夫妻の舞」、「四面の舞」は程野の、「八社の舞」と「天伯の舞」は上町の映像です。

｢たすきの舞」
宮中の舞楽の舞が伝わったものとされます。

｢羽揃え（はぞろえ）の舞」
宮中の舞楽えの舞が伝わったものとされます。
男性が女性の着物姿で舞います。

｢湯立て」
一連の「湯立て」の神事をまとめました。「湯立て」は７回行われます。
｢湯木（ゆぼく）」と呼ばれる上に白い紙のついた木（幣：ぬさ）に神が降りてくるとされ、幣の端を湯につけ、神に湯に入ってもらいます。湯に入った神は雲となって空に昇っていきます。

｢みそぎ」
神面を着けて舞う人は、舞の前に村の川で水を浴びて汚れを落とします。

｢神太夫（かんだゆう）夫妻の舞」
この神社を起こしたとされる夫婦の説話を元に、アドリブも加え、狂言風に演じられます。妻の持つ榊の枝で叩かれると病気にならないとされます。夫は「日」を、妻は「月」を表すとされます。

｢八社（はっしゃ）の舞」
８つの神社を表す神面の舞ですが、面の裏に遠山家一門の霊を祀ってあるとされます。江戸時代にこの地方を治め、一揆により滅ぼされた遠山一族（１人の姫を含む）の霊の鎮魂の舞とされます。

｢四面（よおもて）の舞」
「水」、「土」、「火」、「木」を表す４つの神面の舞です。次の天伯（「金」を表す）と併せて、宇宙の５大エレメントを象徴しています。「水の王」と「土の王」が素手で湯をはね飛ばし、清めを行う「湯切り」の神事はインドが起源と考えられています。

｢天伯（てんぱく）の舞」
神面の舞をしめくくる「天伯」は「金王猿田彦」の神であり、「日本書紀」などに登場し、道案内の神とされます。錦織の狩衣に弓矢を持ち、東西南北天地に向かって矢を放ち悪鬼外道を追い払うとされます。

主要参考文献：
・「信州上村霜月祭」岡井一郎著　上村発行
・「山の神」ネリー・ナウマン著　野村伸一・檜枝陽一郎訳　言叢社発行

Shinto Kagura and ceremonies

Ten masked men led by a man wearing a long-nosed mask, tengu (天狗), march in procession ahead of portable shrines. In the parade is someone wearing an okame mask and a simple kimono (着物), with a large bulge in front to indicate that the wearer is pregnant. A marcher wearing a crown called tenkan (天冠) attends the expectant mother, continuously cooling her with a large fan. The parade meanders through the streets with the participants all the while making amusing gestures. The main object of the parade - a wish for prosperous posterity - is obviously connected to hopes for a good harvest. The origin of this strange procession harks back to the time of Minamoto no Yoritomo (源頼朝, 1147-99).

copyrights Tengou and Kamimura village

Posté par toru okada à 08:01:00 PM - Le Temple Zenkō-ji (善光寺) - Rétroliens [0]
Tags : Dieux chiens, famille Yasue, inugami, Le Temple Zenkō-ji (善光寺), Sarutahiko, Shinto Kagura, Tengu

« Accueil 1